Does mobile data devour a quarter of South Africans’ income?

Agitating that #DataMustFall, some have claimed that South Africans spend close to a quarter of their income on data. But surveys from South Africa’s national statistics agency and the University of Cape Town tell a different story. Researched by Gopolang Makou, AfricaCheck

South Africans have taken to Twitter and parliament to rally against the high cost of mobile data. Using the hashtag #DataMustFall, people are calling on government and regulators to rein in network providers’ data charges.

In a panel discussion on the topic Sipho Ngwenya, an information technology engineer, told ANN7 viewers that South Africans currently spend “24.7% of income for data and that is quite a lot”.

Does data really devour a quarter of South Africans’ income? We took a look.

The source of the 24.7% claim

Ngwenya told ANN7 that the claim is based on research conducted by Research ICT Africa.

Africa Check contacted Research ICT Africa and senior researcher Enrico Calandro told us the figure is from a survey conducted in 2011 and 2012 in 13 African countries. In South Africa, the survey was conducted in 1,589 households across the country.

First the head of the household was questioned about whether they had access to a fixed telephone and internet, among other questions.

Then another household member older than 15 was randomly selected to tell the researchers about their access to television, radio, public phones, mobile phones and computers. This household member was also asked to state how much income they received from sources such as a salary, self employment, pension or scholarship.

Based on a question about how much this person spent on cellphone use in the last month, Research ICT Africa calculated that airtime and subscriptions gobbled up 24.7% of South Africans income.

‘The rich don’t really have an affordability problem’

Already the claim that South African spend almost a quarter of their income on data is incorrect. That is because the survey questioned people about how much they spent on cellphone use in total.

But even this figure is questioned by experts in the telecommunications field and it also at odds with two longstanding and much larger surveys by Statistics South Africa and the University of Cape Town’s Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU).

Lecturer and visiting research associate at the University of the Witwatersrand, Indra de Lanerolle, leads a programme on internet use in Africa. He told Africa Check that when talking about data affordability the question first needs to be asked “affordable for whom?”

“It seems very unlikely that those in upper income groups would spend more than 20% of their income on mobile communications, though much more possible that those on low incomes might do so,” he said. (Note: A study carried out in a rural municipality in the Eastern Cape shows this to be true. Residents of Nyandeni were found to spend R85 of their average R388 per month income– or 22% – on communication services.)

“To take an average across all income groups is probably not very illuminating,” De Lanerolle added. “The rich don’t really have an affordability problem. The poor do.”

Telecommunications regulation specialist and economist at Acacia Economics, Ryan Hawthorne, also said that the 24.7% figure Research ICT Africa calculated seems unlikely, even it if relates to cellphone spend in total.

Hawthorne suggested that Stats SA’s Income and Expenditure Survey along with SALDRU’sNational Income Dynamics Survey, be consulted.

Stats SA: 2.8% spent on communication in 2010/11

Stats SA conducts an Income and Expenditure Survey every 5 years.

The latest survey is for 2010/2011. For this, the agency interviewed 27,665 households 4 timesover the period of a month on their income and expenditure patterns.

Stats SA’s living conditions survey manager, Patricia Koka, told Africa Check that communication costs – including postal services, telephone equipment and services – accounted for just 2.8% of households’ expenditure in 2010/11.

The average South African household spent an estimated R95,183 during 2010/11, according to the survey. An average of R2,702 went to communication in that year.

“Households spent most of their income on housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels (at 32.0%), followed by transport (at 17.1%),” Koka told Africa Check. Then came miscellaneous goods and services such as car payments and medical insurance and food (at 12.8%).

When it came to the poorest 10% of households, 4% of their expenditure went to communications, while the wealthiest 10% spent 2.5%.

Previous income and expenditure surveys showed that household spend on communication has stayed below 5%.

Africa Check asked Research ICT Africa to comment on the differences between their study results and the income and expenditure survey. By the time of publication they have not replied yet. (Note: We will update this report if they do.)

NIDS: 3% spent on cellphones in 2014/15

The National Income Dynamics Study has gone through four waves, the earliest of which was in 2008.

The latest NIDS data was collected in 2014/2015 from 37,396 individuals in 11,895 households. Hawthorne told Africa Check that the average household spent R6,899 per month, with 3% of that (R206) going to cellphone and airtime bills (which could include data).

Breaking down the data by income groups, the bottom 20% of income earners spent 4.8% of total household expenditure on cellphone use while those in the top 20% spent 2.3%.

Conclusion: The claim is incorrect

People have claimed that South Africans spend close to a quarter of their income on data, based on research conducted by Research ICT Africa.

But the study took into account money spent on both data and airtime. It is also at odds with two much larger nationally representative studies.

Stats SA’s most recent Income and Expenditure Survey (for 2010/11) showed that expenditure on communication, including data and airtime, only accounted for 2.8% of households’ total expenditure.

Data from another nationally representative study, the National Income Dynamics Study, showed that households spent 3% of their income on cellphone use in 2014/15.
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